The number of murders and human tragedies that befell those held and executed in its dungeons awaits a full accounting to this day. And also when researchers such as myself go in and we look at files and then we write about them. I mean, you get to know not only the person in the file, but the person compiling it. If you’re careful, you can probably figure out some of it at least. We have the file where again, say that it’s our files. For 45-years, the work in the, "Throughout the forty-five post World War II years, the apparatus of repression in Poland guarded interest of the communist party, the. The circumstances are hard to determine. Under its surveillance were both individuals and entire social groups, organizations or institutions, that could – in the skewed imagination of the “bezpieka” men – constitute potential “danger” to the communist regime. With that said, they are useful in historical research. Rather, it was opened by the Polish secret police and placed in Polanski's personal file. In an all-encompassing fashion it monitored behavior and mood of Polish citizens. You can gain office if people vote for you, but if you’re dishonest you are punished. While the communist Sluzba Bezpieczenstwa (SB,) that superceeded Urzad Bezpieczenstwa, was dismantled in 1990, after less than thorough vetting process, many of its functionaries were hired by the present security services of the Republic of Poland. If you say no, it’s checked against your police file and it’s determined if you’re truthful or not. Russian Report Challenged by Danish Engineer. In different countries this looks a little bit different. abr. "From 1945 to 1989, perhaps 3,000 to 4,000 clergy collaborated," he says. The most infamous example of anti-Polish operations conducted by the Soviets was the Katyn Massacre of 1940, which killed approximately 22,000 members of the Polish Army officer corps. There’s this thick line. They tell stories about the police itself and what they care about. Then they say, “Well, we want to know who Max knows.” Then our file is suddenly placed with his file. So, there’s a nose from this perspective, an ear from that perspective. The question has come up about the significance of the Roman numerals in each case file entry. It’s like, “Why did you write this? Even in cases of auto-lustration. Moczar, a native of Ludz became the first head of the WUBP (pol. What isn’t there. After being kicked I felt down from the pain, and the guards had to carry me out of the interrogation room, and then tossed me into the cell. This is poor grammar.” So even on that level, you have a collaboration between the different authors. From September 1939 the Soviet secret police, the NKVD began moving Polish army officers, police officers, government officials and others to camps inside Russia. "If it is possible at all, that an image of evil can be reflected in a human face, than perhaps, the faces of the 'bezpieka' functionaries are its best example. Especially given the stunning revelations that he was once an informant for Poland’s communist-era secret police, writes Mick O'Hare Powiatowy Urzad Bezpieczenstwa Publicznego – County Office for Public Security) from where it was moved to 10 Kilinskiego Street (Ulica Kilinskiego). This special-purpose field office was primarily responsible for conducting surveillance operations against Polish Catholic Church. 16 issued by then Minister of Public Security, Stanislaw Radkiewicz. This abridged version of the interview has been edited for clarity. I think so. Journalists and researchers have complete access to the Polish files. Powiatowy Urzad Bezpieczenstwa – City Office for Public Security), and PUBP (pol. The operational group under Capt. That is, many people in Poland consider these police files as being loaded with false information, and even fabricated information. Noteworthy is the fact that the location of the new WUBP office was chosen to be the former Nazi Gestapo building on the Anstadt street. Under the tutelage of Soviet special services, in which secret police, the Urzad Bezpieczenstwa [UB] / Sluzba Bezpieczensta [SB], commonly known as 'bezpieka' played an integral role, the apparatus of repression was greatly expanded and modernized. Basically, if you were part of the regime, you’re not working in public office anymore. But also the gaps tell us a lot. No comments. In 1948, the regional county secret police offices employed nearly 500 individuals. As a result of administrative changes which took place in 1950, Czestochowa became part of the Katowice Voivodeship, while no longer existing city and county structures of secret police were subordinated to the WUBP (pol. Europe Former Polish President Walesa did help secret police, experts say. Today we meet in the morning and we walk over here. Home | About Doomed Soldiers | FAQ | Contact Us | Search | SiteMap | Polish Translation | Introduction | Dictionary of Terms | Torture Methods | About Jozef Kuras | In Search of Kuras's Remains | UB Murders | Volunteer For Auschwitz | Wiarusy | Baran Forests Murders | Liquidation of "Bartek's" Unit | The Augustow Roundup | Lt. "Mlot" Interview | A. Kiszka Interview | AK-WiN Counterintelligence | Propaganda An Anti-Semitism | Polish Secret Police | History Books | History Websites | Administrative Units | Law | Prisons | Executions | Surkonty Battle | Surkonty Battle pt. Polish secret police 'conspired to prevent Lech Walesa winning Nobel Prize' Poland's communist secret police organised an elaborate ruse to trick … This work was undertaken not only by those who were weak enough to succumb to the temptation of inflicting violence with impunity, but also by those insufficiently equipped to reject it, and those who without any scruples could partake in the murderous enterprise of crime. You’re interested in stories about people, and here you’re in a library of lives just reading about the minutiae of people’s lives. For there aren't any more insulting words in the Polish language than those [used to refer to them] like 'ubek', 'bezpieka', or 'esbek'" Excerpt from the Preface to "The Faces of the Krakow's Bezpieka", at al, Institute of National Remembrance, Krakow, 2006, "Throughout the forty-five post World War II years, the apparatus of repression in Poland guarded interest of the communist party, the PPR/PZPR. Translation for 'security services (secret police)' in the free English-Polish dictionary and many other Polish translations. Dziadosz arrived in Czestochowa on 17 January 1945 and established temporary office at 45 Washington Street (pol. Talk about the process of these Polish police files becoming public because in one article you describe the process as slow and a highly political process. Polish nuns withstood pressure from communist secret police better than male clergy, according to research by the country's women religious orders. More significant changes took place at the end of 1947 where the City (MUBP) name is dropped and the office reopens under the name County Office of Public Security (PUBP). They are also a little bit different because of the difference in technology. As you mentioned, lustration is a kind of employment, a kind of transitional justice that is used in most countries of the East Bloc but also in some other countries around the world. How are homosexuals treated?” It doesn’t seem to be much of an issue in the late 1950s in what I’ve looked at. We know that people were forced to collaborate. Hopefully they’d be generous. All the typical biographical information, and a little bit about their parents. It turned out to be a lot harder than I expected because his file was not readily available. WARSAW, Poland (AP) — Handwriting analysis confirms that Lech Walesa, who later founded the pro-democracy Solidarity movement, collaborated with Polish communist-era secret police for money from 1970 to 1976, experts said Tuesday. "From 1945 to 1989, perhaps 3,000 to 4,000 clergy collaborated," he says. Guest: Alison Rowley on Putin Kitsch in America published by McGill-Queen’s University Press. This explanation was accepted without protest by successive Polish communist governments until the late 1980s, when the Soviet Union allowed a noncommunist coalition government to come to power in Poland. Then of course, we come here. What kind of stories do these police files tell? Poland's networks supplied the western Allies with intelligence on nearly all aspects of the German war effort. If you like these transcripts and want to read more, then support them by becoming a patron of the SRB Podcast. You have agents who are often multiple, writing the reports. There was a book published especially about him claiming that he was a collaborator, and after that the evidence just amassed. The enduring popularity of Lech Wałęsa is remarkable. BU 1368/1705 at the Polish Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw. Polish intelligence gave the British crucial information on Germany's secret-weapons projects, including the V-1 and V-2 rockets, enabling Britain to set back these German programs by bombing the main development facility at Peenemünde in 1943. It differs, of course, but they tend to move around between different departments. When you look at your own file. It was just fascinating. We’re not going to pursue collaborators. So, we move around, which is one reason it’s hard to find files sometimes today because I look for Sean or Anna’s file, but we’re in Max’s file. A new report based on handwriting analysis has suggested that Walesa worked for Poland's secret police in the 1970s. There are very few bugs and things like that, like we imagine that there would be. In 1948, the regional county secret police offices employed nearly 500 individuals. Categories: WWII. He was a cultural attaché to the ambassador. You know that it’s a portrait. "[...] The interrogations were conducted by two NKVD officers in uniforms, and by [Boleslaw] Halewski. Well, there were files that would prove that I didn’t do anything wrong, but they’ve probably been destroyed. Talk about this issue of lustration and this strange role the police file plays in the process. I attended a Belarus solidarity rally in Pittsburgh. I’m going to give the unfortunate answer, which is they just seem much more systematic and organized in Germany, which is the stereotype of Germany, but it seems to be true. at al, Regional Bureau of Public Education, Katowice. Extremely Rare Cold War Issued Polish Secret Police Silenced CZ27 Pistol. So yeah, you get to know quite a bit about them if you’re interested in that. But I think of it sort of as a cubist painting. When someone reached for a Penal Code book we would say that he wants to play the 'prosecutor' [...] If I am not mistaken, perhaps from the junior investigator position up to the ministerial level, this is what we thought [about the law ...]" Colonel Teodor (Fiedol) Duda, Polish Secret Police functionary. The idea being if you were my judge in a show trial in the 1950s, I don’t want you to be my judge now. You have a little bit about their date of birth, what they did, where they were born, where they went to school. abr. Former officer of the Polish Secret Police, Grzegorz Piotrowski, sitting in court in this 1985 file photo, will be released from prison in August 2001. The Political Massacres Of Lavrentiy Beria. Five people in this room will tell different stories about what we talked about. When we look at the Stasi files, based on what I’ve read from other people who’ve looked at them, they seem more organized than in Poland. The Stories Polish Secret Police Files Tell Us Anna Krakus, University of Southern California. It becomes a huge issue later. Urzad Bezpieczenstwa] structures was assigned to Wladyslaw Jozwiak who directed county operational group from Krakow. In accordance with a well-tested model, similar to that of the Soviet secret police services, the security services of the communist Poland were created already in the summer of 1944. Faces of the Bydgoszcz Bezpieka", at al, Institute of National Remembrance, Gdansk, 2006. In the car was the officer in charge of the long-running investigation, one of the most brilliant and trusted officers in the Polish secret police. In Poland, it’s much softer. That gives us something about whether they believe that people can be rehabilitated, is this an illness, or is it a chosen political act? CNA Staff, Nov 9, 2020 / 08:30 am MT ().-The beatification cause of a Polish religious sister who was tortured by Joseph Stalin’s secret police and reputedly bore the stigmata opened Monday. In March 1989 this government officially shifted the blame for the Katyn Massacre from the Germans to the Soviet secret police, the NKVD. One day, she very casually asked me, “Do you know anything about Michel Foucault’s secret police file from Poland?” The background to that is that every biography on Michel Foucault states that he was in Poland for a year in the 1950s. Police files tend to catalog a suspect’s crime. We do this interview. Source: "The Faces of Ludz Bezpieka" Miejski Urzad Bezpieczenstwa Publicznego – City Office for Public Security). The process of organizing UB which began in Summer, 1944, was primarily aided by the Soviet security services, and by about two hundred Polish nationals trained as a part of the special courses conducted by the NKVD at the Kuybishev training center. Let’s look at this.” So that’s why it’s so controversial. What attracted you to the study of Polish secret police files? Dziadosz arrived in Czestochowa on 17 January 1945 and established temporary office at 45 Washington Street (pol. You can see that it’s a person. Because I’ve looked at diplomatic outposts in the 1950s, we do have some phone tapping because that’s where they would be placed. As a result of administrative changes which took place in 1950, Czestochowa became part of the Katowice Voivodeship, while no longer existing city and county structures of secret police were subordinated to the WUBP (pol. They tell stories about lives, like I said before. During the several of the darkest years of communism in Poland, that is between 1944-1956, the Lublin castle, a former regional Nazi Gestapo headquarters, gained notoriety as one of the most infamous communist torture houses. Well, they forced me to collaborate. We’re not going to punish the people from the former regime. The files I look at are rarely actionable. Like right now, I’m writing about this German news correspondent, Ludwig Zimmerer. Polish Secret Police Still Making Trouble, Dissidents Say. How to read the Polish secret police reports From time to time, we'll publish sections of the Polish secret police reports as we did a short while ago. The police themselves would definitely not like that terminology. When somebody wants to run for public office, they have to go through a process to see if they were ever an informant or a collaborator. It was the most essential instrument of that system, at first, ruthlessly liquidating the post World War II underground insurgency and then for many years extinguishing any and all forms of social discontent and political opposition. Having myself looked through, say FBI files, a lot of the information is pretty mundane. Its creation and then functioning took place under an ever-watchful supervision of their Soviet “guardians.” Until 1954, the security service functioned under the name of Urzad Bezpieczenstwa Publicznego [Office of Public Security] whose leading organs during first months after “liberation” of Poland established their headquarters in the city of Lublin itself. This brings up the other issue. If a police file has a lot of falsified information and you want to write a biography of someone through these files, you present the danger of using or perpetuating this false information in public. So, that’s a fabrication issue. People who were collaborating in secret, and so on. There are people in the room, and they would also be asked, what did they talk about. We know the police had quotas to fill. 1, "If it is possible at all, that an image of evil can be reflected in a human face, than perhaps, the faces of the 'bezpieka' functionaries are its best example. We don’t want to believe that people we admire did bad things and we want people who we don’t like to be punished for their bad actions. By Jane Perlez. You read about people. There’re tons of them because like I said, we have the collaborators. Lech Walesa is the main example of this, the Solidarity leader who was the first president after 1989. 2 | Stalin's Secret Order | National Armed Forces Introduction | Enemies & Allies | Occupiers | Lies by Omission | Living And Suriving As Partisan | Memoirs of Szkot | Freedom Independence |, Retired Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Officer Gene Poteat About the Crash of Polish TU-154 Plane Carrying President Lech Kaczynski In Smolensk, Russia: "Russian Image Management -, Polish Secret Police, The "Bezpieka" Pt. Given that police files are opened in a variety of ways throughout Eastern Europe, what are some of the differences between the Polish files and say Stasi files from East Germany? She’s the author of No End in Sight: Polish Cinema During Late Socialism published by University of Pittsburgh Press. As a result of this order, 21,857 Poles were shot. The police also had what we call the “dead souls” phenomenon. On January 20, 1945, a special operation group consisting of 84 individuals directed by the communist Armia Ludawa's Lublin District commandant Mieczyslaw Moczar, "Mietek" arrived to Ludz. Confirmation that the archbishop collaborated is doubly troubling because the Polish secret police murdered a charismatic anti-Communist priest from … Do you want to go check it out, and we can co-author something?” It just sounded so exciting. How does this play out in political campaigns and in the public? They would go to cemeteries and write up people as their collaborators because they needed to meet a quota. Police files in communist countries, however, go much further and document a suspect’s biography. Yet these files play a really important role in lustration cases. He had an affair with a young translator, who set a honey trap. I saw this from the distance of about two meters. It was the most essential instrument of that system, at first, ruthlessly liquidating the post World War II underground insurgency and then for many years extinguishing any and all forms of social discontent and political opposition. abr. Were there just not enough agents? Like I said, you do see that it’s a portrait. First of all, like you say, a lot of it is just mundane minutiae, so at some point they might say, “We’re not getting anything.” Or maybe a collaborator stops collaborating. Music: Bauhaus, “The Spy in the Cab,” In the Flatfield, 1980. It’s mostly minutiae. I have some people who are just great storytellers. So, it creates a tension with this basic idea of the new Poland that we’re going to be forgiving. The operational group under Capt. So that would always be in there. After [the prisoner] fell, he first jumped on his chest, and then he was smashing his face with the heal of his boot. We read the stories of the storyteller. During its 11 years of the existence, the county and city Urzad Bezpieczenstwa structures in Czestochowa were under command of 9 directors/heads. On January 20, 1945, a special operation group consisting of 84 individuals directed by the communist Armia Ludawa's Lublin District commandant Mieczyslaw Moczar, "Mietek" arrived to Ludz. Wojewodzki Urzad Bezpieczenstwa Publicznego – Voivodeship Office for State Security) in Katowice. And, unfortunately, what we don’t know, or maybe we suspect, is that third person, tough luck, is a collaborator. But often it’ll be, okay suddenly they’re interested in someone else, like your friend Max over here. Lustration creates a difficult situation because you have to bend your expectations in that regard. But then it differs from file-to-file to some degree. Look out for the full audio version soon. It’s 10 years later, and we’re finally publishing an article about it. There’s one case of a consul I look at who is deported, but it’s questionable. There might even be a secret video recording of this interview. That’s one part of the files, but that’s not always there. So, you have all these perspectives on the nose or on this situation, but then, like I said, there’s two years where there’s nothing. He became a party … He was hitting me on the face, and several times kicked me in the groin. Was April 10, 2010 Crash An Assassination Plot? But in the 1980s someone would probably be recording. Above: Polish Communist secret police interrogators: Adam Humer, Markus Kac, Tadeusz Szymanski, Wieslaw Trutkowski, Tadeusz Tomporski, Edmund Kwasek, Roman Laszkiewicz, Eugeniusz Chimczak, Kazimierz Switon, Mieczyslaw Kobylec, Jan Pugacewicz, Pawel Szymanski, Leon Midro, Jan Dabrowski. More significant changes took place at the end of 1947 where the City (MUBP) name is dropped and the office reopens under the name County Office of Public Security (PUBP). It is difficult to imagine 45-years of communist reign in the so-called People’s Poland without its secret police. The European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) has backed its affiliate in Poland, the Association of Polish Journalists (SDP)’s call for investigation and preventative measures following the wiretapping scandal on journalists and leading political figures in Poland. Polish Secret Police Still Making Trouble, Dissidents Say. So, how can police files have truth value under those circumstances? I think it’s a universal issue, not just Polish one, to be frank. Piotrowski was convicted and sent to jail for... Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Today the letter can be found in file No. In some cases, we would have a person in here who would report themselves, and in some cases, we would have collaborators who would report to an agent. Was the opening police files used as a political weapon to demonize certain political factions? 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